Chapter 6 : Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect  Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  S + V to have (had) + V3 He had finished written a letter to his mother when his friend knocked at the door.  Passive Voice S + V to have + been + V3 A letter had been written (by him) for 3 hours when his friend knocked at the door.

Past Perfect Negative Form Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  S + V to have (had) + not + V3 He hadn't finished written a letter to his mother when his friend knocked at the door.  Passive Voice S + V to have + not + been + V3 A letter hadn't been written (by him) for 3 hours when his friend knocked at the door.

Past Perfect Question Form Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  V to have (had) + S +  V3? Had he finished written a letter to his mother when his friend knocked at the door.  Passive Voice V to have (had) + S +  been + V3? Had A letter been written (by him) for 3 hours when his friend knocked at the door?

Past Perfect Usage:

1. Use to talk about the events that happened in the past:
   We use Past Perfect to show the order of two events in the past - what happened first we use past perfect and past simple or past continuous for event that is more recent (event that happens later).
   เราใช้ Past Perfect ในการกล่าวถึงลำดับของเหตุการณ์ 2 เหตุการณ์ที่เกิดขึ้นในอดีต ซึ่งเหตุการณ์ที่เกิดขึ้นก่อน เราใช้ past perfect และ ใช้ past simple หรือ past continuous สำหรับเหตุการณ์ที่เกิดขึ้นทีหลัง
   
   Examples:
   Ruby walked down the street and saw the boy who had stolen her purse. Firstly, the boy stole the purse and then Ruby saw him.
   I had lived in USA for a year before I moved back to Thailand. First, I lived in USA and then I moved to Thailand.
   
   
2. Reported Speech:
   Use to tell other people what you have been told.
   เราสามารถใช้ past perfect ในรูปของ reported speech หรือที่เรียกอีกอย่างว่า indirect speech ซึ่งเป็นการบอกเหรือเล่าเรื่องที่เราได้ยินมาให้กับคนอื่นๆฟัง
   
   Examples:
   This morning my girlfriend said to me "I have had my breakfast and I am going to work"
   
   when I am going to tell other about this I would have to say
   เมื่อนำคำพูดนี้ไปบอกคนอื่นในรูป reported speech จะได้ประโยคใหม่ว่า
   
   My girlfriend told me she had had her breakfast and she was going to work.
    
3. Unreal Situations (third conditional):
   Used in the third conditional which refers to a situation that is past and is impossible to change.
   อีกรูปแบบหนึ่งของการใช้ past perfect คือ การพูดถึง if clause ในแบบที่ 3 คือสถานการณ์ที่ตรงข้ามกับความจริงในอดีต
   
   Examples:
   John would’ve played in the game yesterday If he had recovered from his injury.
   The fact was John hadn't been recovered when the game started.

Past Perfect Tense Keyword:

Keyword	คำแปล
when	เมื่อ
before	ก่อน
after	หลังจาก
by the time	เมื่อถึงเวลา...

After + Past Perfect, Past Simple.
Past Simple + after + Past Perfect.

Before/When/By the time + Past simple, Past Perfect.
Past Perfect + before/when/by the time+ Past simple.


Reference:
Chapter 12 : Indirect Speech/Reported Speech
Past Simple + Past Continuous + Past Perfect Usage
Irregular Verbs

Past Perfect Tense videos

[:- Past Perfect Tense -:] [:- Past Perfect & Past Perfect Continuous Tense -:]