Chapter 5 : Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Continuous  Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  S + V to have (have, has) + been + V1 ing He has been writing a letter to his friend for 3 hours.  Passive Voice S + V to have (have, has)+ been + being + V3 A letter has been being written (by him).

Present Perfect Continuous Negative Form Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  S + V to have (have, has) + not + been + V1 ing He hasn't been writing a letter to his friend for 3 hours.  Passive Voice S + V to have (have, has) + not + been + being + V3 A letter hasn't been being written (by him).

Present Perfect Continuous Question Form Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  V to have (have, has) + S + been + V1 ing? Has he  been writing a letter to his friend for 3 hours? Passive Voice V to have (have, has) + S + been + being + V3? Has a letter been being written (by him)?

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Chapter 6 : Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Perfect Continuous  Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  S + V to have (had) + been + V1 ing He had been writing a letter to his mother for 3 hours when when his friend knocked at the door.  Passive Voice S + V to have (had) + been + being + V3 A letter had been being written (by him) when his friend knocked at the door.

Past Perfect Continuous  Negative Form Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  S + V to have (had) + not + been + V1 ing He hadn't been writing a letter to his mother for 3 hours when his mother call him.  Passive Voice S + V to have (had) + not + been + being + V3 A letter hadn't been being written (by him) when his friend knocked at the door.

Past Perfect Continuous Question Form Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  V to have (had) +S +  been + V1 ing Had he been writing a letter to his mother when his friend knocked at the door.  Passive Voice V to have (had) + S +  been + being + V3 Had a letter been being written (by him) when his friend knocked at the door.

Past Perfect Continuous Usage:
We use past perfect continuous to talk about events in the past that lasted for some time and happened before another event in the past. We also us past perfect continuous to talk about the cause and effect.

เราใช้  past perfect อธิบายเหตุการณ์ที่เกิดขึ้นในอดีต ซึ่งเหตุการณ์นั้นเกิดขึ้นและดำเนินไปเป็นเป็นเวลาช่วงหนึ่ง ก่อนที่อีกเหตุการณ์หนึ่งจะเกิดขึ้น (ในอดีตเช่นกัน)

1. Express the events that happened in the past: บอกเล่าเกี่ยวกับเหตุการณ์ที่เกิดในอดีต
   In this first case we use past perfect continuous to talk about long actions in the past which happened before another event. This usage is similar to Past Perfect but only Past Perfect Continuous takes longer period of time.
   
   ในกรณีนี้ เราใช้อธิบายเหตุการณ์ต่างๆคล้ายๆกับ Past Perfect เพียงแต่ Past Perfect Continuous จะเกิดขึ้นแล้วก็ดำเนินอยู่เป็นเวลาที่นานกว่า
   
   Examples:
   I had been sleeping for 5 hours when I suddenly heard the sound of the breaking glass.
   The boat had been sinking for 4 hours when the life boat arrived.
   By the time the life boat arrived, the boat had been sinking for 4 hours.
   Before she had something to eat, she had been waiting for 3 hours.
    
2. Show clause and effect  อธิบายเหตุและผล
   
   Examples:
   Mike was existed because I had been earning a lot of money.
   Justine was angry with Cynthia because she had been teasing her all day.​

Past Perfect Continuous Tense Keyword:

Keyword	คำแปล
when	เมื่อ
before	ก่อน
after	หลังจาก
by the time	ในเวลาที่...

Note:
After + Past Perfect Continuous, Past Simple.
Past Simple + after + Past Perfect Continuous.

Before/When/By the time + Past simple, Past Perfect Continuous.
Past Perfect Continuous + before/when/by the time+ Past simple.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense videos

[:- Past Perfect Continuous Tense -:] [:- Past Perfect & Past Perfect Continuous Tense -:]

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Chapter 7 : Future Simple Tense / Future Continuous Tense / Future Perfect Tense / Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Future Tense Active & Passive Voice

Active Simple S + shall/will + V1 He will write a letter to his mother.  Continuous S + shall/will + be + V1 ing He will be writing a letter to his mother tomorrow at 6 o'clock.  Perfect S + shall/will + have + V3 He will have finished writing a letter to his mother tomorrow at 7 o'clock. Perfect S + shall/will + have + been + V1 ing Continuous He will have been writing a letter to his mother for 3 hours tomorrow at 7 o'clock.  Passive Simple S + shall/will + be + V3 A letter will be written (by him) tomorrow.  Continuous S + shall/will + be + being + V3 A letter will be being written (by him) tomorrow at 6 o'clock.   Perfect S + shall/will + have + been + V3 A letter will have been written (by him) tomorrow at 6 o'clock.   Perfect S + shall/will + have + been + being + V3 Continuous A letter will have been being written (by him) tomorrow at 6 o'clock.

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Chapter 6 : Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect  Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  S + V to have (had) + V3 He had finished written a letter to his mother when his friend knocked at the door.  Passive Voice S + V to have + been + V3 A letter had been written (by him) for 3 hours when his friend knocked at the door.

Past Perfect Negative Form Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  S + V to have (had) + not + V3 He hadn't finished written a letter to his mother when his friend knocked at the door.  Passive Voice S + V to have + not + been + V3 A letter hadn't been written (by him) for 3 hours when his friend knocked at the door.

Past Perfect Question Form Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  V to have (had) + S +  V3? Had he finished written a letter to his mother when his friend knocked at the door.  Passive Voice V to have (had) + S +  been + V3? Had A letter been written (by him) for 3 hours when his friend knocked at the door?

Past Perfect Usage:

1. Use to talk about the events that happened in the past:
   We use Past Perfect to show the order of two events in the past - what happened first we use past perfect and past simple or past continuous for event that is more recent (event that happens later).
   เราใช้ Past Perfect ในการกล่าวถึงลำดับของเหตุการณ์ 2 เหตุการณ์ที่เกิดขึ้นในอดีต ซึ่งเหตุการณ์ที่เกิดขึ้นก่อน เราใช้ past perfect และ ใช้ past simple หรือ past continuous สำหรับเหตุการณ์ที่เกิดขึ้นทีหลัง
   
   Examples:
   Ruby walked down the street and saw the boy who had stolen her purse. Firstly, the boy stole the purse and then Ruby saw him.
   I had lived in USA for a year before I moved back to Thailand. First, I lived in USA and then I moved to Thailand.
   
   
2. Reported Speech:
   Use to tell other people what you have been told.
   เราสามารถใช้ past perfect ในรูปของ reported speech หรือที่เรียกอีกอย่างว่า indirect speech ซึ่งเป็นการบอกเหรือเล่าเรื่องที่เราได้ยินมาให้กับคนอื่นๆฟัง
   
   Examples:
   This morning my girlfriend said to me "I have had my breakfast and I am going to work"
   
   when I am going to tell other about this I would have to say
   เมื่อนำคำพูดนี้ไปบอกคนอื่นในรูป reported speech จะได้ประโยคใหม่ว่า
   
   My girlfriend told me she had had her breakfast and she was going to work.
    
3. Unreal Situations (third conditional):
   Used in the third conditional which refers to a situation that is past and is impossible to change.
   อีกรูปแบบหนึ่งของการใช้ past perfect คือ การพูดถึง if clause ในแบบที่ 3 คือสถานการณ์ที่ตรงข้ามกับความจริงในอดีต
   
   Examples:
   John would’ve played in the game yesterday If he had recovered from his injury.
   The fact was John hadn't been recovered when the game started.

Past Perfect Tense Keyword:

Keyword	คำแปล
when	เมื่อ
before	ก่อน
after	หลังจาก
by the time	เมื่อถึงเวลา...

After + Past Perfect, Past Simple.
Past Simple + after + Past Perfect.

Before/When/By the time + Past simple, Past Perfect.
Past Perfect + before/when/by the time+ Past simple.


Reference:
Chapter 12 : Indirect Speech/Reported Speech
Past Simple + Past Continuous + Past Perfect Usage
Irregular Verbs

Past Perfect Tense videos

[:- Past Perfect Tense -:] [:- Past Perfect & Past Perfect Continuous Tense -:]

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Chapter 5 : Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect  Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  S + V to have (have, has) + V3 He has written a letter to his friend for 3 hours.  Passive Voice S + V to have + been + V3 A letter has been written (by him) for 3 hours.

Present Perfect Negative Form Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  S + V to have (have, has) + not + V3 He hasn't written a letter to his friend for 3 hours.  Passive Voice S + V to have + not + been + V3 A letter hasn't been written (by him) for 3 hours.

Present Perfect Question Form Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  V to have (have, has) + S +  V3? Has he written a letter to his friend for 3 hours.? Passive Voice V to have + been + S + V3? Has a letter has been written (by him) for 3 hours?

Present Perfect Usage
Present Perfect is used in the following situations:

1. Uncompleted Action/Tasks.
   In this situation, present perfect is used to describe an action that started in the past and are not finished.
   Example:
   I have studied for more than 3 hours. (I am still studying)
   She has cried since 3 o'clock for her lost dog. (she is still crying)
   We have not finished preparing our food. (we're still preparing our food)
   
2. Completed Action/Tasks.
   In this situation, present perfect is used to describe an action that started in the past and continued for some time but it has already been finished before the present.
   Example:
   I have already done my job, now it is your turn. (I no longer need to do that job, I did my job)
   She has stop crying for one hour. (she is still crying)
   We have finished preparing our food. (we're done with the food preparation)
   
3. An Experience.
   For this situation, present perfect is used to talk about an action that happened in the past and has already stopped
   Example:
   He has had a car accident this morning.
   This is the first time I have ever eaten a snake.
   Have you ever been to England?
   I have never met him before.
   John has been in New Zealand in the last year.

Present Perfect Tense Keyword:

Keyword	คำแปล
already	แล้ว
just	พึ่งจะ
yet	ยังไม่
ever	เคย
never	ไม่เคย
for	เป็นเวลา
since	ตั้งแต่
so far	ขณะนี้
up to now	จนถึงขณะนี้
not yet	ยังไม่
lately	เมื่อเร็วๆนี้
recently	เมื่อเร็วๆนี้
in the last year/month	ในช่วงปี/เดือนที่แล้ว

Past Continuous Keyword Usage

Since VS For
Since used to refer to the point of time that action has happened. While for refers to a period/length of time that action has happened.
I have been here since this morning.
I have been here for 3 hours.

Have Gone VS Have Been
have/has gone refers to an action that someone has gone to a place and he/she has not returned yet. While have/has been refers to an experience i.e. a place that someone has visited sometime in his/her life.
I am sorry she has gone to Paris. I am not sure when she will return.
I have been in Australia for 4 years (I used to live in Australia). Now, I am living in Bangkok.
She has been to most of the European capitals (I used to visited most of the European capitals).

Never
Never use "not" with the sentence that has "never".
My friend has never been to Thailand.
My friend hasn't never been to Thailand. X

Present Perfect Tense - Videos Section

[:- Present Perfect Tense -:] [:- Present Perfect Tense - Uncompleted Actions -:] [:- Present Perfect Tense - For VS Since -:]

Reference: englishpage.com

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Chapter 4 : Past Continuous Tense

Past Continuous  Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  S + V to be (was, were) + V1 ing He was writing a letter to his friend when his friend knocked at the door.  Passive Voice S + V to be (was, were) + Being + V3 A letter was being written (by him) when his friend knocked at the door.

Past Continuous Negative Form Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  S + V to be (was, were) + not + V1 ing He wasn't writing a letter to his friend when his friend knocked at the door.  Passive Voice S + V to be (was, were) + not + Being + V3 A letter wasn't being written (by him) when his friend knocked at the door.

Past Continuous Question Form Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  V to be (was, were) + S +  V1 ing Was he writing a letter to his friend when his friend knocked at the door.  Passive Voice V to be (was, were) + S +  Being + V3 Was a letter being written (by him) when his friend knocked at the door.

Past Continuous Usage

Past Continuous is used in the following situations:
Past Continuous ใช้ในสถานการณ์ดังต่อไปนี้

1. An action that was happening at a certain time in the past.
   การกระทำหรือเหตุการณ์ที่กำลังเกิดขึ้นในเวลาใดเวลาหนึ่งในอดีต
   
   Example:
   I was eating this morning at 7 o'clock. ตอน 7 โมงเช้าผมกำลังกินข้าวอยู่
   I was studying last night at 10 o'clock. เมื่อคืนตอน 4  ทุ่มผมกำลังอ่านหนังสืออยู่
    
2. Two actions that were happening at the same time in the past.
   เหตุการณ์สองเหตุการที่กำลังเกิดขึ้นพร้อมกันในอดีต
   For this situation, both actions are in past continuous form.
   ในสถานการณ์นี้ทั้งสองเหตุการณ์อยู่ในรูป past continuous
   
   Example:
   They were playing outside while I was studying. พวกเขากำลังเล่นอยู่ข้างนอกขณะที่ผมกำลังอ่านหนังสือ
   While she was reading, he also was talking. ขณะที่เธอกำลังอ่านหนังสือ เขาก็กำลังคุยอยู่
   While I was taking a shower, she is talking on the phone. ขณะที่ผมกำลังอาบน้ำเธอก็กำลังคุยโทรศัพท์อยู่
    
3. One action was happening and then another action interrupted.
   มีเหตุการณ์สองเหตุการณ์เกิดขึ้นในอดีต โดยที่เหตุการณ์หนึ่งเกิดขึ้นก่อนและกำลังดำเนินอยู่ แล้วมีเหตุการณ์อีกเหตุการณ์ เกิดขึ้นระหว่างนั้น
   For this situation, there are 2 tenses involve past continuous and past simple. The action that was happening we use in past continuous form and past simple for the action that interrupted.
   ในสถานการณ์นี้เหตุการณ์ที่เกิดขึ้นก่อนอยู่ในรูป past continuous เหตุการณ์ที่เกิดทีหลัง อยู่ในรูป past simple
   
   Example:
   There were playing outside when the rain fell. ตอนที่พวกเขากำลังเล่นอยู่ข้างนอก ฝนก็ตกลงมา
   When the phone rang, I was taking a shower. ตอนที่โทรศัพท์ดังขึ้น ผมกำลังอาบน้ำอยู่
   While I was taking a shower, the phone rang. ขณะที่ผมกำลังอาบน้ำอยู่ โทรศัพท์ก็ดังขึ้น

Past Continuous Tense Keyword:

Keyword	คำแปล
when	เมื่อ
while	ขณะที่
yesterday/last nigh/Friday/week/month/year at 10 a.m.	เมื่อวาน.... ตอน 10 โมง
at this time yesterday/last night/Friday/week/month/year	ในเวลานี้ของเมื่อวาน....

Past Continuous Keyword Usage
While + Past Continuous, Past Simple.
Past Simple + while + Past Continuous.

When + Past Continuous, Past Perfect.
Past Perfect + when + Past Continuous.


Reference:
Past Simple + Past Continuous + Past Perfect Usage



Past Continuous Tense Videos

[:- Past Continuous Tense -:] [:- Past Continuous Tense - cartoon version -:]

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Chapter 3 : Present Continuous Tense

Present Continuous  Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  S + V to be (is, am, are) + V1 ing He is writing a letter to his friend.  Passive Voice S + V to be (is, am, are) + being + V3 A letter is being written (by him).

Present Continuous Negative Form  Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  S + V to be (is, am, are) + not + V1 ing He isn't writing a letter to his friend.  Passive Voice S + V to be (is, am, are) + not + being + V3 A letter isn't being written (by him).

Present Continuous Question Form  Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  V to be (is, am, are) + S + V1 ing Is he writing a letter to his friend.  Passive Voice V to be (is, am, are) + S +  being + V3 Is a letter being written (by him).

Present Continuous Usage
Present Continuous used to express that something is happening now, at this very moment, will or will not happen in the near future.

Happening now:
I'm just putting the kettle on.
They're watching TV.

Planned future arrangements:
Helen's studying later tonight.
I'm playing football with my friends on Saturday.

Keyword to identify Present Continuous Tense:

English	ไทย
now/right now	ตอนนี้
at present	ขณะนี้
at the/these moment	ขณะนี้
at these very moment (emphasis)	ขณะนี้
any longer	จากนี้ไป
still	ยังคง
still now	ยังคง.....ณ ตอนนี้
even now	ถึงแม้ตอนนี้
any more	ไม่แล้ว

Present Continuous in the videos:

Here are the video that teaches present continuous tense Here are the cartoon version of present continuous tense

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Chapter 2 : Past Simple Tense

Past Simple Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  S + V2 He wrote a letter to his friend.  Passive Voice S + V to be (was were) + V3 (+ by someone) A letter was written (by him).

Past Simple Negative Form Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  S + V to do (did) + not + V1 He didn't write a letter to his friend.  Passive Voice S + V to be (was were) + not + V3 (+ by someone) A letter wasn't written (by him).

Past Simple Question Form Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  V to do (did) + S + V1 Did he write a letter to his friend.  Passive Voice V to be (was were) + S +  V3 (+ by someone) Was a letter written (by him).

Past simple tense used to express an action which took place in the past and have been completed by the time of speaking. It is also used when telling a story. Some of the story begin with the phrase "once upon the time".

Past simple tense ใช้เมื่อพูดถึงเหตุการที่ เกิดขึ้นในอดีตและจบลงไปแล้วในขณะที่พูด และใช้เมื่อเล่านิทานชึ่งบางเรื่องก็เริ่มต้นเรื่องด้วยคำว่า  กาลครั้งหนึ่งนานมาแล้ว เช่นนิทานอีสป

Past Simple Tense Keyword:

yesterday	เมื่อวาน
the day before yesterday	เมื่อวานซืน
last night/week/month/year	เมื่อคืน/สัปดาห์/เดือน/ปี ที่แล้ว
ago	ที่ผ่านมา
this morning	เมื่อเช้านี้
early this year	เมื่อต้นปี
in 2000	ปี 2000
once upon the time	กาลครั้งหนึ่ง
in ancient times	ในสมัยโบราณ
in my childhood	ตอนที่เป็นเด็ก

Usually when we use the following verb we use them in past form. There are 2 type of past tense verb form, regular verb and irregular verb. For common irregular verb form, please visit Irregular Verbs

คำกริยาที่เราใช้ในรูปของ  present simple ซึ่งมีทั้งที่เป็น regular verb และ irregular verb form. irregular verb form ดูได้จาก  Irregular Verbs


Example:

I was late for school this morning. ผมไปโรงเรียนสายเมื่อเช้านี้
In ancient times, we lived without mobile phone and we still could live. ในสมัยโบราณ เราอยู่กันโดยไม่ต้องใช้โทรศัพท์มือถือและเราก็ยังอยู่กันได้ (in the present it has already become the 5th basic necessities -ปัจจุบันกลายเป็นปัจจัยที่ 5 ไปแล้ว)

We celebrated our 12th wedding anniversary last year. เราฉลองวันครบรอบวันแต่งงานรอบที่ 12 เมื่อปีที่แล้ว
My daughters were born in 2009. ลูกสาวของผมเกิดในปี 2009
I was very upset when she didn't turn up. ผมรู้สึกเศร้าเมื่อเธอไม่มาให้เห็น
It wasn't yesterday that I met him, but it was the day before yesterday. ไม่ใช่เมื่อวานนะที่ผมเจอเขาแต่เป็น วานซื่นนี่ต่างหาก
John and his family moved here 5 years ago. จอร์นและครอบครัวของเขา ย้ายมาที่นี่ เมื่อ 5 ปีที่แล้ว
He knocked at my door when I was taking a shower. เขาเคาะประตูตอนที่ผมกำลังอาบน้ำ

A man was killed last night. ชายคนหนึ่งถูกฆ่าเมื่อคืนนี้
The man was arrested (by policeman) yesterday for murdering his brother. ผู้ชายคนนั้นถูกจับเมื่อวานในข้อหา ฆ่าพี่ชายตัวเอง
His family's pictures were removed from the wall 2 years ago (not last 2 years). Nobody know where they are now. รูปครอบครัวของเขาถูกย้ายไปจากผนังเมื่อสองปีก่อน ตอนนี้ไม่มีใครรู้ว่ารูปเหล่านั้นไปอยู่ที่ใหน

Note:
I've just learnt that there is tradition to give different gifts in each wedding anniversary and also vary by country. In case you don't know about this,  you can check it out at wikipedia.org

ผมพึ่งรู้ว่ามีประเพณีการให้ของขวัญซึ่งแตกต่างกันไปในแต่ละรอบของวันครบรอบวันแต่งงาน และก็แตกต่างกันไปในแต่ละประเทศอีกเช่นกัน ถ้าอยากรู้เรื่องราวเหล่านี้ ตามไปดูได้ที่ wikipedia.org

Reference:
Irregular Verbs
Past Simple + Past Continuous + Past Perfect Usage

VDO Section:

Here are the video that teaches past simple tense

Another good video that bring past simple to you

Hope you enjoy learning and watching the VDO. Please stay tuned for the next lessons.

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Chapter 1 : Present Simple Tense

Present Simple Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  S + V1 (*singular S V+ s or es) He writes a letter to his friend.  Passive Voice S + V to be (is, am, are) + V3 (+ by someone) A letter is written (by him).

Present Simple Nagative Form Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice   S +V to do (do, does) + not + V1 He doesn't writes a letter to his friend.  Passive Voice  S + V to be (is, am, are) + not +V3 (+ by someone) A letter isn't written (by him)?

Present Simple Question Form Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice  V to do (do, does) + S + V1? Does he writes a letter to his friend?  Passive Voice V to be (is, am, are) + S + V3 (+ by someone)? Is a letter written (by him)?

Present simple tense used to express habits, facts, states, thoughts, believe and feelings. It is used with general statements and actions that happen sometimes, always, usually, everyday, every week, every month, every years....

Present simple tense ใช้เมื่อพูดถึงเหตุการที่เป็น สิ่งที่ทำเป็นนิสัย หรือความจริง ตามธรรมชาติหรือหลักวิทยาศาตร์ หรือ พูดถึงเหตุการที่เกิดขึ้นซำ้ๆ เป็นปกติ เช่นทุกวัน ทุกเดือน ทุกนาที

Present Simple Tense Keyword:

English	ไทย
always	เสมอๆ
often	บ่อยๆ
usually	มักจะ
generally	ทั่วๆไป
normally	โดยปกติแล้ว
everyday	ทุกๆวัน
every night/week/month/...	ทุกๆคืน/อาทิตย์/สัปดาห์/เดือน/....
every other day/week/month/...	ทุกๆสอง วัน/อาทิตย์/สัปดาห์/เดือน/....
once a day/a week/a month/year...	วัน/สัปดาห์/เดือน/ปี ละครั้ง
daily/weekly/monthly/yearly/anually	วัน/สัปดาห์/เดือน/ปี ละครั้ง
twice a day/a week/a month/...	วัน/สัปดาห์/เดือน ละสองครั้ง
three time a day/a week/a month/...	วัน/สัปดาห์/เดือน ละสามครั้ง
sometimes	บางครั้ง
ever	เคย (คำถาม)
hardly	แทบจะไม่
seldom	นานๆที
rarely	เกือบจะไม่
never	ไม่เคย

Usually when we use the following verb we use them in present simple form:
คำต่ำไปนี้โดยปกติเราใช้ในรูปของ  present simple

see, hear, feel, taste, smell, know, believe, remember, understand, seem, appear, doubt, want, hope, love, like, dislike, hate, desire, have own, own, belong, weigh, measure, equal, cost, comprise, consist, contain

*When S (subject) is a singular noun, verb need to be in singular form that is adding s or es at the end of verb. Here are the rules of adding s and es.
เมือประธานของประโยคอยู่รูปของเอกพจน์ กรอยาของประโยคก็ต้องอยู่ในรูปของ  เอกพจน์เช่นกัน นั่นก็คือ  เติม s  หรือ es ต่อท้ายของ กริยา ซึ่งวิธีการเพิ่ม s หรือ es ให้ดูกฏดังนี้

1. Add s at the end of the base verbs except those fall into rules 2, 3, 4 and 5.
   เติม s หลังกริยา ยกเว้น กรณีที่ 2, 3 , 4 และ 5
2. Add s at the end of the base verbs ending with e
   เพิ่ม s ในกรณีที่ กริยาลงท้ายด้วย e
3. Add es at the end of the base verbs when word verb ending with o
   เพิ่ม es ในกรณีที่ กริยาลงท้ายด้วย o.
4. Add es at the end of the base verbs when word verb ends in ss, sh, (t)ch, zz, and x.
   เพิ่ม es ในกรณีที่ กริยาลงท้ายด้วย ss, sh, (t)ch,  zz, และ x
5. When verb ending with y, change y to i and add es at the end of the word.
   เพิ่ม es ในกรณีที่ กริยาลงท้ายด้วย y โดยที่เปลี่ยน y เป็น i แล้วค่อยเพิ่ม es ต่อท่ายกริยา

Example:

Habits:
We give Helen the rent every month.
She always wakes up at 6 o'clock everyday.
John usually does not go to school.

Facts:
The sun rises in the east.
The sun sets in the west.
Bangkok is the capital of Thailand.
The water does not flow upstream. It always flows downstream.
There are 24 hours in a day.

States:
They live in Bangkok.
She doesn't work in a hospital.

Others:
I always love the way she talks to me.
Don't talk to me that way. I don't like it.
We celebrate Loy Krathong (a floating basket, buoyant) festival annually.

Reference: Irregular Verbs

VDO Section:

VDO Teaches Simple Present Tense.

Present Simple - Daily routines:

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